NATO has something something called Partnership for Peace (PfP). It's a bilateral cooperation programme between NATO and Euro-Atlantic partner countries that lets partners build up an individual relationship with NATO. PfP started in 1994 as a way to build security relationships between NATO and non-NATO countries. Participating countries choose their own priorities for cooperation and the both the level and pace of progress.
The programme allowed NATO to reach out to former Warsaw Pact and Soviet Republics following the end of the Cold War. The programme allows countries to build closer relationships with NATO without actually becoming a NATO member. It's important to remember that the PfP programme has nothing to do with NATO's article 5 which says that an attack on one NATO country is an attack on all. So while Ukraine is a PfP member it is not a member of NATO.
Here's the list of when countries joined the PfP programme. Many went on to officially join NATO later on.
Czechia - 10.03.1994
Turkmenistan - 10.05.1994
Tajikistan - 20.02.2002
In 1999, Czechland, Hungary, and Poland became the first three PfP countries to join NATO.
In 2004, NATO saw its largest expansion when seven PfP countries joined - Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
Malta joined the programme in 1995 but left in 1996 and rejoined in 2008.
In 2009 - Albania and Croatia joined NATO. Montenegro joined NATO in 2017 and North Macedonia joined in 2020 as the 30th NATO member.
In 2014, when Russia
first invaded Ukraine, NATO suspended practical cooperation with Russia. It's hard to picture Russia as a Partnership for Peace member considering it invaded Ukraine to keep it from joining NATO in the future. But by doing do, I don't think it will be long until Finland and Sweden decide to join NATO.
Traditionally neutral countries such as Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland are all PfP members. For Austria, the programme allows for cooperation with NATO without joining because under the country's constitution, Austria is prohibited from entering into military alliances and no foreign military bases may be on Austrian territory.
Cyprus is the only
EU member that isn't a member of either NATO or the PfP programme.
Kyrgyzstan is the only former Soviet republic that didn't join the PfP programme. It did join the
CSTA with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Tajikistan.
Update: 4 April 2023 - Finland became the 31st member of NATO.
NATO has something something called Partnership for Peace (PfP). It's a bilateral cooperation programme between NATO and Euro-Atlantic partner countries that lets partners build up an individual relationship with NATO. PfP started in 1994 as a way to build security relationships between NATO and non-NATO countries. Participating countries choose their own priorities for cooperation and the both the level and pace of progress.
The programme allowed NATO to reach out to former Warsaw Pact and Soviet Republics following the end of the Cold War. The programme allows countries to build closer relationships with NATO without actually becoming a NATO member. It's important to remember that the PfP programme has nothing to do with NATO's article 5 which says that an attack on one NATO country is an attack on all. So while Ukraine is a PfP member it is not a member of NATO. 
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